Meliponiculture refers to the domestication and management of stingless bees (tribe: Meliponini) for the production of honey, propolis, and pollination services. Unlike the well-known Apis mellifera (European honey bee), stingless bees are generally non-aggressive, lack functional stingers, and are particularly suited to tropical and subtropical ecosystems.
Stingless bees play a critical ecological role as native pollinators of many wild and cultivated plants, including tropical fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs. Their honey, often called “pot honey”, is produced in resinous pots and is highly prized for its nutraceutical properties.
Stingless bees, or meliponines, encompass a diverse group of approximately 462 to 552 species within the tribe Meliponini, belonging to the family Apidae . These bees are primarily distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Africa, Asia, Australia, and the America
Biological Classification
- Family: Apidae
- Tribe: Meliponini
- Subfamilies: Meliponinae (African, Asian, and Australian) and Hypotrigoninae (mostly in South America)
Key Features of Stingless Bees
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Sting | Vestigial; cannot sting, but may bite or use resin for defense |
| Colony Structure | Perennial colonies with a queen, workers, and drones |
| Nest Locations | Tree cavities, ground, wall crevices, hollow logs, termite nests |
| Honey Storage | Stored in cerumen pots (a mix of wax and plant resins) |
| Foraging Range | Typically 300–800 meters from nest, varies by species |
| Reproduction | Via colony division and virgin queen dispersal |
Globally Important Meliponiculture Species
Below is a detailed list of stingless bee species commonly used in meliponiculture, categorized by continent with scientific names, traits, and benefits:
1. Latin America (Central & South America)
Melipona beecheii – “Xunán Kab” (Sacred Royal Lady Bee)
- Native Range: Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala
- Traits: Large-bodied, docile, highly organized
- Honey: Yellowish, highly acidic, medicinal, rare
- Cultural Significance: Sacred to the Maya; central to ancient meliponiculture
- Challenges: Sensitive to deforestation and pesticides
Scaptotrigona mexicana
- Native Range: Mexico to Central America
- Traits: Medium-sized, fast colony growth, good propolis production
- Honey: Aromatic, antimicrobial properties
- Special Note: Propolis is used in antimicrobial and cosmetic industries
Tetragonisca angustula (Syn. Trigona angustula) – “Jataí”
- Native Range: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia
- Traits: Tiny, defensive (resin-biting), highly social
- Honey: Light, floral, antimicrobial, low in volume
- Nesting: Prefers wall crevices or man-made hives
2. Southeast Asia
Heterotrigona itama
- Native Range: Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Southern Philippines
- Traits: Hardy, high reproduction rate, heat-tolerant
- Honey: Slightly sour, used for medicinal and culinary purposes
- Farming Note: Popular in small-scale commercial meliponiculture with wooden box hives
Geniotrigona thoracica
- Native Range: Similar to H. itama, overlaps in Southeast Asia
- Traits: Slightly more aggressive, higher honey yield potential
- Special Use: Strong candidate for crop pollination of oil palm, coconut, and fruits
3. Africa
Meliponula ferruginea
- Native Range: Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia
- Traits: Resilient to drought, adapts to savannah and forest zones
- Honey: Brownish, tangy, highly antimicrobial
- Cultural Uses: Traditional medicine, spiritual practices
Meliponula bocandei
- Native Range: Western and Central Africa
- Traits: Small colonies, long-lived queens
- Honey: Medicinal, low volume but high value
- Conservation Note: Threatened by forest loss
4. Australia
Tetragonula carbonaria
- Native Range: Eastern Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
- Traits: Cold-tolerant, excellent for school and urban beekeeping
- Honey: Thick, tangy, used in gourmet and medicinal products
- Pollination Role: Critical for native flora, macadamia, and blueberries
Austroplebeia australis
- Native Range: Northern Queensland and Northern Territory
- Traits: Very gentle, ideal for children’s education and residential setups
- Honey: Less than T. carbonaria but of high quality
- Special Feature: Can be kept close to human dwellings due to docility
Practical Considerations in Species Selection
| Factor | Consideration |
|---|---|
| Climate Tolerance | Match species to humidity, temperature, and seasonal variation |
| Hive Architecture | Some species nest in cavities, others underground or arboreally |
| Reproduction Rate | Fast-growing colonies allow faster expansion |
| Pollination Compatibility | Choose species aligned with local crops (e.g., tomatoes, strawberries, passionfruit) |
| Honey and Resin Demand | Commercial interest may prioritize high-yielding or unique-tasting species |
| Behavioral Traits | Docility vs. aggression, defensive methods, adaptability to handling |
Benefits of Biodiverse Meliponiculture
- Ecological Resilience – Diverse species mitigate risks from climate change or pests.
- Crop Pollination – Increases yield and quality of fruits and vegetables.
- Economic Empowerment – Especially for smallholder farmers, women, and indigenous communities.
- Conservation – Promotes protection of native forests and pollinators.
- Medicinal Products – Unique honeys and propolis from various species used in traditional and modern medicine.
Global Distribution and Notable Species
Africa
- Meliponula: Found in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in tropical forests and savannahs.
- Hypotrigona: Present in tropical regions, including Uganda’s Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, which hosts at least five stingless bee species .
Asia and Australia
- Tetragonula carbonaria and Austroplebeia australis: Common in Australia, especially around Brisbane.
- Tetragonisca angustula: Widespread in Southeast Asia and parts of Australia.
- Trigona and Melipona species: Found in Southeast Asia and parts of Australia
The Americas
- Tetragonisca angustula: Common in Central and South America.
- Melipona quadrifasciata: Found in Brazil.
- Scaptotrigona postica: Present in parts of South America.
- Frieseomelitta varia: Found in Brazil.
Honey-Producing Genera
The following genera are notable for their honey production:
- Tetragonisca: Known for species like T. angustula, which are widely kept in meliponiculture.
- Scaptotrigona: Includes S. postica, a major pollinator and honey producer.
- Melipona: Species such as M. quadrifasciata are valued for their honey.
- Frieseomelitta: F. varia is known for its high-quality honey.
Summary Table
| Region | Genera/Species Examples | Notable Traits |
|---|---|---|
| Africa | Meliponula, Hypotrigona | Diverse species, some endemic |
| Asia & Australia | Tetragonula, Austroplebeia | Adapted to various climates |
| Americas | Tetragonisca, Scaptotrigona, Melipona, Frieseomelitta | High honey yield, cultural significance |
Conclusion
The choice of meliponiculture species is not just a matter of productivity but one of ecological synergy, cultural heritage, and economic sustainability. As global interest in stingless beekeeping rises, understanding the species-specific behaviors, honey characteristics, and ecological niches is vital for successful implementation. Promoting native species and conserving their habitats will be key to the future of sustainable beekeeping and biodiversity conservation.