As the threat of parasitic mites—particularly Varroa destructor and other opportunistic invaders—continues to impact bee populations globally, selective breeding for […]
Hyperparasitic Varroa Mimic Syndrome (HVMS) is an emerging condition in honeybee populations characterized by the presence of organisms that mimic
Symbiotic Fungus Dependency Failure (SFDF) refers to the breakdown of critical mutualistic relationships between fungi and their host organisms, typically
Introduction Microplastic Contamination Syndrome (MCS) refers to the accumulation and adverse biological effects of microplastics in living organisms. While initially
Introduction Hexapod Gut Collapse Syndrome (HGCS) is an emerging pathological condition affecting honey bees (Apis mellifera) and other hexapod pollinators.
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are essential pollinators in natural and agricultural ecosystems. However, their populations are vulnerable to a variety
