Stingless bees (Meliponini) are keystone pollinators across tropical and subtropical ecosystems, playing vital roles in maintaining biodiversity and supporting agricultural productivity. Despite their ecological importance, many stingless bee species face mounting threats from habitat degradation, climate change, pesticide exposure, and invasive species.
Understanding the genetic diversity, population connectivity, and health status of stingless bees is critical for their conservation and sustainable management. Traditionally, genetic studies require invasive sampling techniques—such as capturing and sacrificing bees—which can stress or damage vulnerable colonies